In 1850 the discovery of gold attracted many more Europeans – two per cent of the population of Britain and Ireland moved to Australia during the following Gold Rush. Inevitably there was increased conflict with the Aborigines, who were brutally hunted and poisoned by the settlers. Aboriginal children were taken away from their parents to be educated by white people. Australians had also been alarmed by the numbers of Chinese immigrants during the Gold Rush, and the White Australia Policy was established in 1901 to restrict non-white settlers. Any new immigrant had to pass a dictation test in a European language chosen by the immigration officer, and if the immigrants were seen as unwelcome, it was easy to choose a language they didn’t know. The most famous case was in 1934, when a left-wing Czechoslovakian journalist tried to enter Australia. He could speak five languages, but failed a test in Scottish Gaelic, and was deported as illiterate! After World War II, as its economy expanded, Australia established a huge immigration programme. More than two million Europeans immigrated to Australia between 1945 and 1965 to escape post-war poverty and unemployment. Most of them came from Britain and Ireland, but there were also large numbers arriving from the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia, and Egypt. The Australian government helped many of them financially by paying for their journey and giving them somewhere to live until they found a job. The White Australia Policy ended in 1973, and this greatly changed the character of Australian society, which became much less conservative and monocultural. Later waves of immigration have brought the total number of settlers since 1945 to nearly 7 million, with a recent increase in those arriving from Asia.