Health care isn't just a benefit of the modern human age. It goes way back. All the way, even, to the Neanderthals. "We imagine that they would have been cleaning wounds, dressing wounds." Penny Spikins, a paleolithic archaeologist at the University of York in the U.K. "They may have used things like splints when you've got some broken limbs. We know they had some forms of painkillers." And they most likely needed them. Because remains of Neanderthals show that most individuals seem to have suffered a serious injury at least once. The key detail being that those injuries didn't always kill them. Spikins and her team catalogued more than 30 cases of Neanderthals who'd been injured but didn't die of their wounds, to investigate the pattern of health care in premodern humans. And they concluded that health care may have been key to Neanderthals colonizing extreme environments, and pursuing dangerous prey, like mammoths and woolly rhinos. "Health care wasn't just something cultural for Neanderthals. It also performed an ecological function. It allowed them to punch above their weight as a predator." Their conclusions are in the journal Quaternary Science Reviews. And the results are one more reminder that Neanderthals shared many of the qualities we think of as uniquely human. Except, of course - that they never made it out of the Pleistocene.