A.I. Explanation:

First sentence: Why this is the first line? This paragraph is the first sentence because it introduces the main topic. It talks about the science of Newton's time and how it changed views about the universe. This is an overview of the subject. It does not use any words that need prior context. Why other lines are not chosen? Paragraph 2 starts with "Newton's contemporary" which needs context. Paragraph 3 starts with "In his book" which also needs context. Paragraph 4 starts with "These might be good descriptions" which refers back to previous ideas. Paragraph 5 starts with "Instead he" which needs a subject to understand. All these sentences cannot stand alone.

Concluding sentence: Why this is the last line? This paragraph is the last sentence because it wraps up the discussion. It introduces a new idea about chemical elements after discussing the old views. It shows the conclusion of the argument.

Paragraph pairs:

• Pair 1 (Paragraph 1 → Paragraph 2): Paragraph 2 connects to Paragraph 1 because it continues the discussion about the change in views. It uses the logical order of ideas, moving from the general idea of changing views to a specific person, Robert Boyle, who questioned old ideas.
• Pair 2 (Paragraph 2 → Paragraph 3): Paragraph 3 connects to Paragraph 2 because it gives an example of what Boyle questioned. It follows the broader to specific strategy, moving from Boyle's general questioning to his specific challenge in his book.
• Pair 3 (Paragraph 3 → Paragraph 4): Paragraph 4 connects to Paragraph 3 because it discusses the descriptions of matter. It uses the logical order of ideas, moving from Boyle's challenge to a statement about the descriptions of matter.
• Pair 4 (Paragraph 4 → Paragraph 5): Paragraph 5 connects to Paragraph 4 because it presents a new idea after discussing the old descriptions. It uses the cause and effect relationship, showing that because the old descriptions are not enough, a new list is needed.