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Practice Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Dropdown) ID: #6406 Job 3
Instructions
Discrimination  against  women  has  been  alleged  in  hiring  practices  for  many  occupations,  but  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  demonstrate  sex-biased  hiring.  A  change  in  the  way  symphony  orchestras  recruit  musicians  provides  an  unusual  way  to  test  for  sex-biased  hiring.  To  overcome  possible  biases  in  hiring,  most  orchestras  revised  their  audition  policies  in  the  1970s  and  1980s.  A  major  change  involved  the  use  of  blind'  auditions  with  a  screen    the  identity  of  the  candidate  from  the  jury.  Female  musicians  in  the  top  five  symphony  orchestras  in  the  United  States  were  less  than  5%  of  all  players  in  1970  but  are  25%  today.  We  ask  whether  women  were  more  likely    and/or  hired  with  the  use  of  blind  auditions.  Using  data  from  actual  auditions  in  an  individual  fixed-effects  framework,  we  find  that  the  screen    by  50%  the  probability  a  woman    out  of  certain  preliminary  rounds.  The  screen  also  enhances,  by  severalfold,  the  likelihood  a  female  contestant  will  be  the  winner  in  the  final  round.  Using  data  on  orchestra  personnel,  the  switch  to  blind  auditions  can  explain  between  30%  and  55%  of  the  increase  in  the  proportion  female  among  new  hires  and  between  25%  and  46%  of  the  increase  in  the  percentage  female  in  the  orchestras  since  1970.

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