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Practice Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Dropdown) ID: #33058 PIE
Instructions
No  matter  whether  you  speak  English  or  Urdu,  Waloon  or  Waziri,  Portuguese  or  Persian,  the  roots  of  your  language  are  the  same.  Proto-Indo-European  (PIE)  is  the  mother  tongue  _  shared  by  several  hundred  contemporary  languages,  as  well  as    now  extinct,  and  spoken  by  people  who  lived  from  about  6,000  to  3,500  BC  on  the  steppes  to  the  north  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  They  left  no  written  texts  and    historical  linguists  have,  since  the  19th  century,  painstakingly  reconstructed  the  language  from  daughter  languages,  the  question  of  how  it  actually  sounded  was  assumed  to  be  permanently  out  of  reach.  Now,  researchers  at  the  Universities  of  Cambridge  and  Oxford  have  developed  a  sound-based  method  to  move  back  through  the  family  tree  of  languages  that  stem  from  PIE.  They  can  simulate  how  certain  words    when  they  were  spoken  8,000  years  ago.  Remarkably,  at  the    of  the  technology  is  the  statistics  of  shape.  'Sounds  have  shape,'  explains  Professor  John  Aston,  from  Cambridge's  Statistical  Laboratory.  'As  a  word  is  uttered  it  vibrates  air,  and  the  shape  of  this  soundwave  can  be  measured  and  turned  into  a  series  of  numbers.  Once  we  have  these  stats,  and  the  stats  of  another  spoken  word,  we  can  start  asking  how  similar  they  are  and  what  it  would  take  to  shift  from  one  to  another.'

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