Read the following passage.
A. Permafrost is ground whose temperature stays at or below freezing for two or more years in a row. It lies beneath at least 40 per cent of Canada's land, mainly in the Arctic islands, Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Above it sits the active layer, a band of soil that thaws each summer and freezes again each winter. Much of this frozen ground holds a great deal of ice, and in some places ice makes up as much as 80 per cent of it. While it stays frozen, the ground is as hard as concrete, but when it melts, the surface can collapse.
B. Thaw leaves clear marks on the land. Where ground ice melts, the surface sinks and ponds or small lakes form, creating an uneven terrain known as thermokarst. In forests, roots grow so weak that trees tilt and fall against one another, a pattern called a drunken forest. On slopes, thawing soil can give way in large slumps, and heavier rainfall appears to be closely linked to this slumping. Over the last 50 years in northern Quebec, permafrost mounds have been lost and thermokarst ponds have grown. In the southern Northwest Territories, forest die-off has been blamed on thawing ground and subsidence.
C. Heated homes usually stand on piles with an air gap underneath, so that warmth from inside does not reach the soil. Engineers may replace the soil under a road with gravel so that water drains away, and some experts recommend painting roads white to keep them cooler. In Inuvik, water and sewer lines cannot go underground. They run through insulated boxes called utilidors, which keep the water from freezing and the permafrost from thawing. In Dawson City, some buildings from the gold rush of 1896 to 1899 were damaged when heat from inside thawed the ground below.
D. The frozen ground is now warming. Temperatures measured in boreholes up to 20 metres deep have risen across northern Canada, faster in the high Arctic than in the central Mackenzie Valley. In the Mackenzie Valley, the layer that thaws each summer has thickened by about 10 per cent since 2000. Thaw also affects the climate. When the frozen remains of plants and animals thaw, they decay and give off carbon dioxide or methane. Permafrost is thought to hold about 1,400 gigatons of carbon, 2.5 times the amount now in the atmosphere. As it thaws, pipelines, buildings, roads and airports face structural damage that will be costly to repair.
E. Not given in any of the above paragraphs.
Decide which paragraph, A to D, has the information given in each statement below. Select E if the information is not given in any of the paragraphs.